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- $Unique_ID{BRK04138}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Proctitis}
- $Subject{Proctitis Ischemic Proctitis Antibiotic-Induced Proctitis Radiation
- Proctitis Gonorrheal Proctitis Syphilitic Proctitis Herpetic Proctitis
- Ulcerative Colitis Crohn's Disease}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 810:
- Proctitis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Proctitis) is not the name
- you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names
- and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Ischemic Proctitis
- Antibiotic-Induced Proctitis
- Radiation Proctitis
- Gonorrheal Proctitis
- Syphilitic Proctitis
- Herpetic Proctitis
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Crohn's Disease
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Proctitis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising in the rectum and
- characterized by bloody diarrhea. There are two types of Proctitis,
- Ulcerative and Gonnorheal, which are differentiated by the means in which they
- are contracted. Gonnorheal Proctitis is transmitted through sexual contact.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Proctitis are most frequently pain in the rectal area and a
- frequent desire to pass feces. Bloody diarrhea, painful defecation and
- bleeding in the rectal area are also common. Diarrhea may be followed by
- constipation with spasm and severe straining of the rectal muscles
- (tenesmus). In some cases, stools may be well formed but surrounded by blood
- and mucus.
-
- Proctitis usually runs a mild, intermittent course over many years.
- Occasionally there is neurological involvement with urinary bladder
- dysfunction, weakness and burning of the lower limbs (paresthesias) and pain
- in the thighs. Men may have difficulty maintaining penile erections. When a
- diagnosis of Gonnorheal Proctitis is confirmed, individuals also should be
- tested for other sexually transmitted organisms such as syphilis, amebiasis,
- chalmydia, campylobacter, shigella, and herpes simplex virus infections.
-
- Upon examination, individuals with Ulcerative Proctitis show ulcers in
- the rectum. Ulcerations are usually accompanied by rectal bleeding,
- straining of rectal muscles (tenesmus) and an anal discharge of bloody mucus.
- However, anal bleeding is seldom severe. Individuals with diarrhea often
- describe no increase in stool volume but rather frequent passage of small
- amounts of mucous or blood. Fever and weight loss are rare. Symptoms of
- Ulcerative Proctitis are very similar to Ulcerative Colitis. However,
- Ulcerative Proctitis is not as serious as Colitis and is limited to the
- rectum. (See related disorder section for more information on Ulcerative
- Colitis.)
-
- Causes
-
- Proctitis can be caused by the pus-producing bacteria gonococci and by the
- herpes simplex virus, primary and secondary syphilis, chlamydia trachomatis
- and the human papilloma viruses. Gonococcal Proctitis usually results from
- passive anal intercourse with men who have infection in the canal that
- empties urine from the bladder (urethra).
-
- Ulcerative Proctitis may be caused by radiation injury, trauma from a
- foreign body, constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel (ischemia),
- infection or the cause may be unknown (idiopathic).
-
- The effects of irritating enemas or laxatives may be confused with
- Ulcerative Proctitis. This disorder may also mimic the symptoms of long-term
- trauma.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Proctitis is increasing in incidence. Gonococcal Proctitis is most
- frequently found in women and homosexual men who practice anal-receptive
- intercourse.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Proctitis.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Ulcerative Colitis is an acute inflammation of the large intestine
- (colon) characterized by multiple, irregular, superficial ulcerations. The
- inflammation results in thickening of the wall of the colon with scar tissue
- and polyp-like growths. The primary symptom of Ulcerative Colitis is bloody
- diarrhea. The disease may involve only one side of the colon or it may
- eventually spread throughout the entire large intestine. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Ulcerative Colitis" as your search term
- in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Crohn's Disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease and is
- characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, weight loss and a
- solid mass in the abdomen. The intestine gradually becomes thickened and
- leathery. Complications may appear in the joints, skin and eyes. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Crohn's Disease" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Diagnosis of Proctitis is made when sigmoidoscopy reveals inflammation of the
- mucus lining of the rectum with a clearly demarcated upper border above which
- the lining is normal. The remainder of the colon and small intestine is
- found to be normal by barium x-rays, while colonoscopy and rectal biopsy may
- show changes which are indistinguishable from those of Chronic Ulcerative
- Colitis. (For more information on Chronic Ulcerative Colitis, see the
- related disorder section of this report.)
-
- Treatment of Proctitis is determined by cause. Gonococcal Proctitis
- responds to standard intramuscular injection with procaine penicillin or
- spectinomycin, but less consistently to oral treatment with penicillin or
- tetracycline. Primary Herpetic Proctitis responds well to acyclovir.
- Chlamydial Proctitis responds to tetracycline. Treatment of idiopathic
- (unknown cause) Ulcerative Proctitis is very similar to that of Ulcerative
- Colitis and Crohn's Disease, and includes a nonlaxative diet, the
- administration of antidiarrheal drugs such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride
- with atropine sulfate (Lomotil) or loperamide. Topical corticosteroids may
- be applied in the form of suppositories, steroid enemas or steroid foam.
- Enemas or suppositories should be administered at bedtime to maximize their
- retention. The drug sulfasalazine taken orally for three weeks or more may
- also be prescribed. Other symptoms may be treated by pain-killing and
- antispasmodic drugs. Hospitalization may be necessary for a thorough
- physical examination.
-
- Although Proctitis may persist for many years, it is not associated with
- an increased incidence of cancer of the rectum or colon. With treatment,
- Proctitis usually runs a course with periodic mild to severe episodes of
- symptoms. The inflammation spreads beyond the rectum in only 10 to 30% of
- individuals affected with Proctitis. Less than 15% of individuals with
- Ulcerative Proctitis will develop Chronic Ulcerative Colitis.
-
- Approximately 40% of homosexual males with Proctitis also have anorectal
- gonorrhea. It is not unusual to discover multiple disease producing
- organisms in patients with Proctitis. Men who have had passive rectal
- intercourse with sex partners who have gonococcal infection of the ureter
- should have cultures performed for gonorrhea, regardless of an apparent lack
- of symptoms.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Proctitis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- P.O. Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- American Social Health Association
- 100 Capitola Dr., Suite 200
- Research Triangle Park, NC 27713
- (919) 361-8400
-
- National Sexually Transmitted Diseases Hotline
- (800) 227-8922
-
- Council for Sex Information and Education
- 444 Lincoln Blvd., Suite 107
- Venice, CA 90291
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, M.D., et al., eds;
- W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 787.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Little,
- Brown and Co., 1987. Pp. 138, 150, 1671.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 251, 801-806, 985.
-
- LYMPHOID FOLLICULAR PROCTITIS. A CONDITION DIFFERENT FROM ULCERATIVE
- PROCTITIS? J. F. Flejou et al.; DIG DIS SCI (March, 1988: issue 33 (3)).
- Pp. 314-320.
-
- THE LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF EARLY AND LATE PHASE
- RADIATION-INDUCED PROCTITIS. N. Y. Haboubi, et al.; AM J GASTROENTEROL
- (October, 1988: issue 83 (10)). Pp. 1140-1144.
-
- COMPARISON OF BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE AND PREDNISOLONE 21-PHOSPHATE
- ENEMAS IN THE TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE PROCTITIS. H. van der Heide, et al.; J
- CLIN GASTROENTEROL (April, 1988: issue 10 (2)). Pp. 169-172.
-
- PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AMONG MALE PATIENTS PRESENTING
- WITH PROCTITIS. H. Andrews, et al.; GUT (March, 1988: issue 29 (3)). Pp.
- 332-335.
-
- ARGON LASER TREATMENT OF RADIATION PROCTITIS. J.J. O'Connor, et al.;
- ARCH SURG (June, 1989: issue 124 (6)). Pp. 749.
-
-